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Calluses: Thick, hardened areas of the skin,
generally on the foot, caused by friction or pressure.
Calluses can lead to other problems, including serious
infection and even gangrene.
Calorie: A unit representing the energy provided
by food. Carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol
provide calories in the diet. Carbohydrate and protein
have 4 calories per gram, fat has 9 calories per
gram, and alcohol has 7 calories per gram.
Capillary: The smallest of the body's blood
vessels. Oxygen and glucose pass through capillary
walls and enter the cells. Waste products such as
carbon dioxide pass back from the cells into the
blood through capillaries.
Capsaicin: An ingredient in hot peppers that
can be found in ointment form for use on the skin
to relieve pain from diabetic neuropathy.
Carbohydrate: One of the three main nutrients
in food that provide calories and energy. Foods
that provide carbohydrate are starches, vegetables,
fruits, dairy products, and sugars. (Protein and
fat are the others.) Carbohydrates are mainly sugars
(simple carbohydrates) and starches (complex carbohydrates,
found in bread, pasta, beans) that the body breaks
down into glucose.
Carbohydrate counting: A method of meal planning
for people with diabetes based on counting the number
of grams of carbohydrate in food.
Cardiologist: A doctor who treats people
who have heart problems.
Cardiovascular disease: Disease of the heart
and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
Cataract: Clouding of the lens of the eye.
Cerebrovascular disease: Damage to blood
vessels in the brain. Vessels can burst and bleed
or become clogged with fatty deposits. When blood
flow is interrupted, brain cells die or are damaged,
resulting in a stroke.
Certified diabetes educator (CDE): A health
care professional with expertise in diabetes education
who has met eligibility requirements and successfully
completed a certification exam.See diabetes educator.
Charcot's foot: A condition in which the
joints and soft tissue in the foot are destroyed;
it results from damage to the nerves.
Cholesterol: A substance similar to fat that
is found in the blood, muscles, liver, brain, and
other body tissues. The body produces and needs
some cholesterol. However, too much cholesterol
can make fats stick to the walls of the arteries
and cause a disease that decreases or stops circulation.
Chronic: Describes something that is long-lasting.
Opposite of acute.
Coma: A sleep-like state in which a person
is not conscious. May be caused by hyperglycemia
(high blood glucose) or hypoglycemia (low blood
glucose) in people with diabetes.
Complications: Harmful effects of diabetes
such as damage to the eyes, heart, blood vessels,
nervous system, teeth and gums, feet and skin, or
kidneys. Studies show that keeping blood glucose,
blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
levels close to normal can help prevent or delay
these problems.
Congenital defects: Problems or conditions
that are present at birth.
Congestive heart failure: Loss of the heart's
pumping power, which causes fluids to collect in
the body, especially in the feet and lungs.
Conventional therapy: A term used in clinical
trials where one group receives treatment for diabetes
in which A1C and blood glucose levels are kept at
levels based on current practice guidelines. However,
the goal is not to keep blood glucose levels as
close to normal as possible, as is done in intensive
therapy. Conventional therapy includes use of medication,
meal planning, and exercise, along with regular
visits to health care providers.coronary artery
disease: See coronary heart disease.
Corns: A thickening of the skin of the feet
or hands, usually caused by pressure against the
skin.
Coronary heart disease: Heart disease caused
by narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to
the heart. If the blood supply is cut off the result
is a heart attack.
C-peptide: "Connecting peptide,"
a substance the pancreas releases into the bloodstream
in equal amounts to insulin. A test of C-peptide
levels shows how much insulin the body is making.
Creatinine: A waste product from protein
in the diet and from the muscles of the body. Creatinine
is removed from the body by the kidneys; as kidney
disease progresses, the level of creatinine in the
blood increases.
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