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IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus):
Former term for type 1 diabetes.
Immune system: The body's system for protecting
itself from viruses and bacteria or any "foreign"
substances.
Immunization: Sometimes called vaccination;
a shot or injection that protects a person from
getting an illness by making the person "immune"
to it.
Immunosuppressant: A drug that suppresses
the natural immune responses. Immunosuppressants
are given to transplant patients to prevent organ
rejection or to patients with autoimmune diseases.
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG): A condition
in which a blood glucose test, taken after an 8-
to 12-hour fast, shows a level of glucose higher
than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis
of diabetes. IFG, also called pre-diabetes, is a
level of 110 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL. Most people with
pre-diabetes are at increased risk for developing
type 2 diabetes.
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): A condition
in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal
but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes.
IGT, also called pre-diabetes, is a level of 140
mg/dL to 199 mg/dL 2 hours after the start of an
oral glucose tolerance test. Most people with pre-diabetes
are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes.
Other names for IGT that are no longer used are
"borderline," "subclinical,"
"chemical," or "latent" diabetes.
Implantable insulin pump: A small pump placed
inside the body to deliver insulin in response to
remote-control commands from the user.
Impotence: The inability to get or maintain
an erection for sexual activity. Also called erectile
(ee-REK-tile) dysfunction (dis-FUNK-shun).
Incontinence: Loss of bladder or bowel control;
the accidental loss of urine or feces.
Inhaled insulin: A treatment for taking insulin
using a portable device that allows a person to
breathe in insulin.
Injection: Inserting liquid medication or
nutrients into the body with a syringe. A person
with diabetes may use short needles or pinch the
skin and inject at an angle to avoid an intramuscular
injection of insulin.
Injection site rotation: Changing the places
on the body where insulin is injected. Rotation
prevents the formation of lipodystrophies.
Injection sites: Places on the body where
insulin is usually injected.
Insulin: A hormone that helps the body use
glucose for energy. The beta cells of the pancreas
make insulin. When the body cannot make enough insulin,
insulin is taken by injection or through use of
an insulin pump.
Insulin adjustment: A change in the amount of
insulin a person with diabetes takes based on factors
such as meal planning, activity, and blood glucose
levels.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM):
Former term for type 1 diabetes.
Insulinoma: A tumor of the beta cells in
the pancreas. An insulinoma may cause the body to
make extra insulin, leading to hypoglycemia.
Insulin pen: A device for injecting insulin
that looks like a fountain pen and holds replaceable
cartridges of insulin. Also available in disposable
form.
Insulin pump: An insulin-delivering device
about the size of a deck of cards that can be worn
on a belt or kept in a pocket. An insulin pump connects
to narrow, flexible plastic tubing that ends with
a needle inserted just under the skin. Users set
the pump to give a steady trickle or basal amount
of insulin continuously throughout the day. Pumps
release bolus doses of insulin (several units at
a time) at meals and at times when blood glucose
is too high, based on programming done by the user.
Insulin reaction: When the level of glucose
in the blood is too low (at or below 70 mg/dL).
Also known as hypoglycemia.
Insulin receptors: Areas on the outer part
of a cell that allow the cell to bind with insulin
in the blood. When the cell and insulin bind, the
cell can take glucose from the blood and use it
for energy.
Insulin resistance: The body's inability
to respond to and use the insulin it produces. Insulin
resistance may be linked to obesity, hypertension,
and high levels of fat in the blood.
Insulin shock: See hypoglycemia.
Intensive therapy: A treatment for diabetes
in which blood glucose is kept as close to normal
as possible through frequent injections or use of
an insulin pump; meal planning; adjustment of medicines;
and exercise based on blood glucose test results
and frequent contact with a person's health care
team.
Intermediate-acting insulin: A type of insulin
that starts to lower blood glucose within 1 to 2
hours after injection and has its strongest effect
6 to 12 hours after injection, depending on the
type used. See lente insulin and NPH insulin.
Intramuscular injection: Inserting liquid
medication into a muscle with a syringe. Glucagon
may be given by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection
for hypoglycemia.
Islet cell autoantibodies (ICA): Proteins
found in the blood of people newly diagnosed with
type 1 diabetes. They are also found in people who
may be developing type 1 diabetes. The presence
of ICA indicates that the body's immune system has
been damaging beta cells in the pancreas.
Islet transplantation: Moving the islets
from a donor pancreas into a person whose pancreas
has stopped producing insulin. Beta cells in the
islets make the insulin that the body needs for
using blood glucose.
Islets: Groups of cells located in the pancreas
that make hormones that help the body break down
and use food. For example, alpha cells make glucagon
and beta cells make insulin. Also called islets
of Langerhans.
Islets of Langerhans: See islets.
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